For anti-theft this thing, the Han dynasty is also spelled

Abundant modern archaeological achievements are the cornerstone of xuzhou Han culture research. Whether it is tomb archaeology or site archaeology, exploring the unknown world buried in soil is like opening a blind box, refreshing people's cognition again and again.

How many blind boxes of history are distributed under xuzhou city? What cultural message does it contain? In the blind box of time, we will read together the dusty stories of xuzhou land left over from the Han Dynasty.

In the Han Dynasty, heavy burial reached its peak, accompanied by the prevalence of tomb raiding. In order to avoid the fate of the tomb being robbed and dumped, tomb builders rack their brains to set up a variety of anti-theft facilities.

Over the years, through the efforts of archaeologists in Xuzhou, a city rich in Cultural relics of the Han Dynasty, the tombs of various large sovereigns and royal families have been excavated. These tombs were all buried in the way of "lining the mountain as a mausoleum and cutting the mountain as a coffin".

Because these tombs are strong and abnormal, even if robbed, the tomb itself, especially the underground part is not easy to damage, leaving a lot of anti-theft facilities designed at that time, for us to open the han dynasty anti-theft method to provide intuitive material.

Awarded the forbidden DaoLing

In han Dynasty, the social laws and regulations were relatively sound, and the tomb's anti-theft was first based on the laws and regulations, and then supplemented by the moral system, filial piety and human ethics.

Han to filial piety rule the world, since the beginning of the Han Emperor Huidi, han Emperor's posthumous name are added a "filial" word, the Han Emperor established "Filial Piety" doctor, from the ideology to increase the promotion of filial piety, so that the world recites "filial piety", elected officials to lift filial integrity, the formation of the whole society to observe filial piety, despise, condemn the grave robbing atmosphere of public opinion.

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Woliushan after the tomb of king seal stone

In han Dynasty, there were clear laws and regulations against theft of mausoleums, such as the provision of "stealing garden tombs" in the Nine Chapters of han Dynasty, which shows that the Laws of Han dynasty strictly protect garden tombs.

Huainan Zi, Volume xiII, General Treatise, states: "The law of county officials in the world says: 'Those who cut tombs shall be punished; those who steal shall be punished.' This is the job of the government." Zhangjiashan unearthed Han Jian "two years of law" in the "stolen law" provisions, "stolen hair tomb" and wounding and maiming, blackmail, murder and human trafficking are punished by cutting, visible criminal law of the heavy.

Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty not only severely punished the grave robbers, but also severely investigated the malfeasance of relevant officials. Some people "buried money in the garden of Filial Piety" and the prime minister Yan Qingzhai committed suicide. Relevant officials at all levels dare not slacken slightly so.

Sent to protect the tomb

In han Dynasty, the emperor's mausoleum was set up with county and city, and the mausoleum of princes was not set up with county, which was called "Garden city". The scale of the yuan yi according to the "Book of Han · Wu Wuzi Biography" records, "than the princes garden, set up three hundred fengyi. So the crown prince shi Yue surly, fengyi 200. Shi Liangdi yue Surly lady, set keep tomb thirty. Yuan Chang Cheng, Zhou Wei Feng Wei such as law." It shows that a special "Chang Cheng" was set up in the mausoleum of princes and Kings to be responsible for daily guarding and management.

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Perspective view of beidong Mountain tomb ramp and tunnel stone blocking

The tombs of chu Kings in xuzhou in the early and middle period of western Han Dynasty should be set up as garden towns except for Liu Wu and Liu Yanshou.

Like lion king chu tomb (back) from the unearthed bronze dings are located "yuan garden weighs 15 pounds juryo" objects, the heaped-up mountains of the newly discovered "ChuYi garden seal" "ChuWenYuan cheng" lute, suggests that the first generation of chu yuan Wang Liu, the second generation ChuYi Wang Liuying guest, fourth generation ChuWen Wang Liuli tomb is a garden city, to be responsible for the management of the cemetery of daily guards and, for security plays an important role.

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The huge seal of the Han tomb in Tushan also has anti-theft functions

When Emperor Wudi of the Southern Song Dynasty exempted five families from taxes near mount Wang of Chu, and often swept and guarded the mausoleum, offering sacrifices according to the time.

The western Han dynasty set hou shou tomb thirty, liu clan is not stipulated, according to the then noble gentry and civilian shou tomb with spontaneous, filial piety and by the mainstream ideology affirmation and other characteristics, should also have three shou tomb.

03

Hidden deep mountainside

The best way to prevent looting is to hide the tomb, so that posterity will not know what to do.

In the past, graves were mostly raised from the ground, leaving a marked seal on the ground, which was similar to guiding the target for tomb raiders. However, if the tomb is dug in the mountainside, it is not easy to be found by later generations, and even if found, it is not easy to be dug.

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Woliushan after the tomb of king seal stone

The tomb of the King of Chu adopts the burial method of "burying in the mountain" and "digging the mountain for hiding". The specific method is to choose a long and narrow channel in the middle or near the bottom of the mountain to lead to the interior of the mountain, and build a huge underground palace in the mountain belly. When the tomb owner is buried, the tomb is backfilled with excavated stopper stone and soil.

As time passed, all the features of the earth disappeared, and the hills and fields were overgrown with lush shrubs and weeds, and the tombs were blended into a whole, so that posterity no longer knew which hill had a tomb among the mountains.

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View of the Sierra Leone excavation site

King chu tomb on the building in order to achieve the effect of the hidden, and constantly improve tombs shape layout structure, such as the pyramid-shaped mound from early to late has experienced the change from long to short, by the narrow width, tube by the narrow width, change from short to long process (editor's note: in many refers to from the surface to the entrance of the tomb, no top above, channel between the walkway to the door of the tomb to the grave, with top).

The early tombs of chu Kings, such as Lion Mountain Han Tomb, Dousanshan Han Tomb, Beidongshan Han tomb, are characterized by wide and long opening of tomb ramp and wide and short passage. For example, tomb No. 1 of Dousanshan tomb is 57.34 meters long, ramp ramp is 26 meters long and 4.6 meters wide, and passage is 17.22 meters long and 2.04 meters wide.

After the Emperor Jingdi of han dynasty, the tombs of the King of Chu have undergone great changes. For example, the tombs of the King of Chu at Woniushan, Guishan, Nandongshan and Dongdongshan have short ramps and narrow openings, and narrow and long passageways. Generally, the ramps are 4 to 25 meters long and 1 to 4 meters wide, and the passageways are 50 meters long and 1 meter wide.

For example, guishan Han Tomb is 83 meters long, the north (Queen) tomb is 10.5 meters long and 1.2 to 4 meters wide, and the tunnel is 51.2 meters long and 1.06 meters wide.

The tomb ramp became shorter and narrower from length and width, reducing the open-air part of the tomb; The passage changes from short to long, so that the tomb is hidden in the mountainside, the concealment of the whole tomb is enhanced, and anti-theft measures are more rigorous.

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A panoramic view of the tomb ramp outside the Han Dynasty tomb in Lion Rock

In fact, even if posterity knew there was a tomb in the mountain, it would be difficult to find the exact location of the tomb door.

For example, in 1985, the terracotta Warriors and horses pit was discovered on the west side of Lion Rock. Archaeologists concluded that there must be a tomb of the King of Chu in the nearby Lion Rock. However, in order to find the tomb of the King of Chu, dozens of domestic geophysical exploration units have been hired to use advanced instruments for exploration, but modern technology is helpless in front of the wisdom of the ancients, nothing.

Finally, Mr. Wang Kai used the traditional method, looking for local elders to investigate the discussion, and learned that a family on the mountain could dig a red taro cellar, and finally solved the mystery of the specific location of the tomb of king of Chu in Lion Rock.

04

Stuck in the mouth

The tomb of the King of Chu only left a narrow tunnel and the outside world, if the tomb raider can not find the tunnel entrance, with the strength of the rock, enough to block the tomb raider outside the tomb.

To this end, the tomb maker took the safety of the entrance of the tunnel as the key to guard against theft, and filled it in the tunnel with a huge plug stone, and the tomb was partially filled with plug stone or natural large group of stone.

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Lion Rock Han tomb stopper stone

In beidongshan Han Tomb, there are three layers and three rows of stoppers in the north and back of the middle part of the tomb. There are two groups of double layers and eight stoppers in the front passage, and four large stoppers in the front and back passages with different sizes and mortise-and-tenon connections. Each stopper is 2.7 meters long, 0.98 meters high and wide, and weighs between 3 and 7.8 tons.

The passageway of han Dynasty tomb in Dousanshan was filled with double-layer and double-row stoppers in 5 groups of 20 pieces. The stoppers were polished and smooth on six sides, each 3.46 meters long, 1.04 meters wide and 0.94 meters high.

The passage of the Han Tomb in Lion Mountain was filled with four groups of stoppers, four in each group, a total of 16 stoppers of the same size, 2.5 meters long, 0.95 meters wide and thick, each stopper weighing about 5 to 6 tons.

From the tomb of the King of Chu in Wuniu Mountain, the passage became longer and narrower, and only two blocks were used to block the passage, that is, from the "tian" shape of four blocks to the "sun" shape of two blocks. There are 23 rows of 46 stoppers in the tomb of The King of Chu in Woniushan, and there are 13 rows of 26 stoppers in the passage of the tomb of the King of Chu in Guishan.

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Guishan Han tomb stoppage stone scene photo

The stopper stone is placed in the passage or the tomb, almost impossible to insert the knife, if not pull out the stopper stone, the tomb raider can not enter the tomb, and pull out the stopper stone is not a few people can do in a short time, therefore, once this kind of cave tomb of the King of Chu is sealed with stopper stone, it is difficult for later generations to carry out robbing.

05

Smoke screen cloth

The king of Chu also understood that "if there is something to be desired in the tomb, there will be some tomb raider who will open the tomb door eventually, so he used deception to paralyze the tomb, hoping to prevent the tomb from being stolen by deception.

In the entrance of the tomb of King Liu of Chu in Guishan mountain, there are two parts of the plug stone, one of which is the upper right part of the text is "the hundred stone" inscription.

Some scholars believe that "Baishang" is not a number, not the actual reference, the same as "Records of the Grand Historian · Gaozu Benji" said that the world shape wins, "Qin won one hundred two yan... Twelve yan." Meaning is one in a hundred meaning, and that the stone because of the location is unusual, the importance of the first, so make such a mark, is the qin and Han dynasties express something incomparable usage.

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We think there is a problem of interpretation, that is, is the four characters "top 100", "Shang Shi", or "top 100", "Shi"? The first reading method "upper stone" is the upper stopper stone, "hundred" is the number one hundred stopper stone, and its actual position in the passage is completely consistent.

"Top 100 stone" means that there are as many as 100 blocks of stoppers. In fact, there are only 13 groups of 26 blocks of stoppers in The tomb of Liu Note. The second group is numbered "83", the fourth group is "57", the fifth group is "68", the seventh group is "34"; The fourth group is "twenty-seventh" and the fifth group is "tenth".

In the first stone number on the order, the following a piece of stone should be the first under the stone, up, down, respectively, followed by the first on the stone, the best stone until the first on the stone and the stone, but in fact is up and down stone mixed number, number number, deliberately use the smoke screen in tunnel the front plug inscribed on a stone "on the first hundred stone", have the venture into see number thought the plug on the stone there are as many as one hundred pieces of the following, It is not easy to rob, and retreat from difficulties, to deter and deceive.

06

Play sadness brand

An inscription on the front of the stopper stone of the tomb of King Liu Of Chu in Guishan is about two lines away from the inscription of "Top 100 stone" on the right side, which is obviously not a branch, but a natural section of two inscriptions. The inscription, which covers most of the front of the stone, consists of nine lines and 44 characters. It reads:

"King Chuk tong/heaven described the coffin guo/not buwa tripod/vessels to the group/I have been buried to wear/not gold and jade after/the wise doctor fortunately/regard this book as/eyes are also benevolent people sad.

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Stone Inscription on the tomb of King Liu Zhu in guishan Alley (rubbings)

The gist of the passage is:

I am the king of Chu "ke", I swear to heaven, there is no tomb with the pottery tripod vessel, no valuable gold and jade. When you read this inscription, you will be kind and sad for me. The implication is that there is no treasure in it, so there is no need for you to rob my tomb.

However, through excavation and cleaning, it was found that although the tomb of Liu Annotations had been stolen twice, a large number of valuable precious artifacts were unearthed, including silver seal of turtle button, jade ware, bronze spear, ring quan and Xiaoxing seal, iron chariot and horse ware, pottery, terracotta figures and lintoe gold and other funerary objects.

The tomb while compared with other king chu tomb also seems to reflect a certain degree of BoZang, but engraved inscription did flaunt BoZang, buried with the tomb is still a stark contrast, visible liu note BoZang "notice" is used to deceive, paralysis, and cheat a means of grave robbers, trying to play tragedy, awakens the grave robbers of conscience and compassion is always in vain.

07

Set FengMen device

In Xuzhou, the tombs of the princes and Kings of the Han Dynasty all have doors in each chamber, with single doors and double doors. The main entrance of the tomb is equipped with heavy wooden doors, which are equipped with door slots, door shaft sockets and door slots as in ground buildings.

In the western Han Dynasty, there were double wooden doors in the corridors, antras and back rooms of the King of Chu, and single wooden doors in the other rooms. In the ear chamber of the tomb passage, there were not only single doors, but also several pieces of stone paving and folding to seal the doors. The tombs of The Han Dynasty in Tushan as well as the tombs of imperial officials have double stone doors.

Rectangular stone pits are chiseled on the ground under the wooden doors of each chamber of the Tomb of the King of Chu, and door sealing devices are built in. The door sealer has two forms of single tooth and double tooth. The single tooth is used to block the single door and the double tooth is used to block the double door.

Its working principle is the use of tooth tooth center of gravity fulcrum, in the middle of the front position of a horizontal axis, located in the middle of the ground after the threshold position.

If there is no external force, the front tip of the tooth naturally warped. When the tomb door is closed, the bottom of the tomb door squeezes the tooth tip, and the tooth tip droops; When the tomb door through, the door sealing device tooth tip due to the pressure from the door and spring up, behind the door automatically will be killed.

For example, the door sealer of the Han Tomb in Budongshan is made of copper. It is 17.8 centimeters long, 9.5 centimeters wide, 8.7 centimeters high and weighs 9.06 kilograms. It is made of an outer wall, teeth and an iron core. The outer wall is rectangular, empty groove, through the core of the outer wall, so that the teeth are fixed in the groove. The iron core rusts soon after the tomb door is closed, and the door sealer firmly supports the tomb door. If the intruder does not break the door, he cannot enter from outside, so it can play a certain role in guarding against theft.

Schematic diagram of closing the door sealer of The Tomb of King of Chu in Beidong Mountain

The early tombs of the King of Chu used a large number of door sealers, such as the lion Mountain tomb of the King of Chu used iron door sealers, dousanshan Han tomb and Beidongshan Han tomb with copper door sealers. After the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, the tomb of the King of Chu was no longer equipped with door sealers.

In the past, when discussing the security of tomb theft, we often ignored the security problems in the process of placing funerary goods in the tombs of princes and Kings. There should be a time process for the placement of funerary goods and people in the tomb of chu King. A tomb of the King of Chu, for example, was sealed every day or at the end of a certain period of time if it needed to last for several days. After the burial goods are placed in each room, the door of the room will be sealed with a door sealer and will not be opened again.

The temporary closing method of han Tombs in Dousanshan is even more unique. There is a dark hole in the shape of a fist on one side of the tomb door. When the tomb door needs to be temporarily closed, the sealer reaches in through the dark hole and uses the connecting device of the dark bolt to seal the tomb door from the inside.

The same is true of the two wooden doors in the simple path of king Chu's tomb in Lion Rock